Assessment of incentives for mainstreaming sustainable cocoa production. The average yield is approximately 400 kg of beanshayear. The chief food crops that are grown are maize, cassava, yam, cocoyam, plantain, maize, millet, sorghum. Increasing income of ghanaian cocoa farmers wealth forum online. Insight into the standard of living of ghanaian cocoa farmers.
One of the key findings of the study is that, due to several reasons, productivity in cocoa farming is low, and declines as the farmers get older. A history of exploitation 2 contents page executive summary 3 1. Cacao is a fastgrowing tropical forest plant, capable of being cultivated in association with other trees, and providing additional goods like timber and firewood, fruits, construction materials, honey, resin, medicine and materials for ritual ceremonies. The chief food crops that are grown are maize, cassava, yam, cocoyam, plantain, maize, millet, sorghum, corn, rice, fruits and vegetables. Sharecropping arrangements in cocoa production in ghana. Early success in cooperative development stimulated a. In west africa, for example, the average cocoa farm is a 3 to 4 hectare or 7 to 10 acre plot, operated by a family that lives on the farm or nearby. Some matrilineal and patrilineal perspectives volume 80 issue 2 beatrice akua duncan. Cocoa trees do not like too much sun, and its natural habitat is under the heavy rainforest canopy. In the aggregate the numbers of children working in cocoa production, in child labor in cocoa production, and in hazardous work in cocoa production increased by about 440,000, 360,000, and 310,000 respectively. To improve farmers livelihoods, cocoa life has partnered with tree global, a large scale nursery operator to produce highquality cocoa seedlings to be distributed among farmers and help rehabilitate degraded farmlands. Cacao is a fastgrowing tropical forest plant, capable of being cultivated in association with other trees, and providing additional goods like timber and firewood, fruits, construction materials.
At the end of 2018, there were 38,417 farmers participating in cocoa. Cocoa production occurs in the countrys forested areas. We estimate ghana s cocoa production in 201920 at 855 thousand tonnes, 5 percent above a year earlier, but 6 percent below two years ago. With farming, the cash crops that are usually cultivated are cocoa, banana, coffee, kola nut, palm oil. The growing population of cocoa farmers reinvested its profits in cocoa production in the western end of ghanas. Two factors, above all, influence the supply of cocoa in the short to medium term.
Marcella vigneri is a visiting scholar, department of economics, university of oxford. The ghana cocoa board cocobod regulates the cocoa industry in ghana, with a primary mandate of enabling production, processing, and marketing of cocoa as efficiently and effectively as possible ghana cocoa board, 2012. Global cocoa production trend 2008 to 201610,20 note. Several characteristics of chocolate strongly depend on the process done at the very beginning of the supply chain saltini et al. A total of 240 cocoa farmers were selected for the study using the multistage sampling technique. Aug 30, 2018 cocoa yields are declining as trees age across ghana, the worlds secondbiggest cocoa producer. Ghana is the worlds third largest producer figure 1 and the second largest exporter of cocoa beans after cote divoire figure 2. Cocoa farmers are usually settlers who lease the land, sometimes through an informal gentlemans agreement, to grow cocoa. Vsscompliant production volumes refer to cocoa produced in compliance with one or more vsss. Ghana cocoa industryan analysis from the innovation. Pdf cocoa production in ghana kwasi clarks academia. Selling the crop up to a year in advance allows the marketing board to fix in advance the price it can offer to farmers for the entire crop year.
At a time when they have the opportunity to increase the supply of cocoa to improve their livelihoods, farmers in many cocoa growing regions are struggling to grow more. Economic cacao cultivars are grown for the production of dried beans, which are the source of cocoa liquor, cocoa butter, cocoa cake and cocoa powder. This inhibits the adoption of more advanced farming practices, including use of pesticides and fertilizers 11. In ghana, cocoa farmers face challenges such as aging trees, pests, and diseases. Sustainability world of lindt lindt chocolate world. Sustainable cocoa farming cocoa theobroma cacau is the wonderful stuff chocolate is made from. Olam cocoa is a founding member of cocoaaction and, in convening the cocoa sector to align complementary roles and responsibilities, leverage scale and efficiency through collaboration, and catalyse efforts to accelerate sustainability, we are a key participant in the focused work. Cocoa production in ghana is the major economic activity for over 700,000 house holds. Mondelez international helped establish an independent foundation, the. Assessing the employment effects of processing cocoa in ghana. On the other hand, cameroon cocoa beans, produced by trinitariotype trees and whose cocoa powder has a distinct and soughtafter red colour, are classified as bulk cocoa beans. Analysis of incentives and disincentives for cocoa in ghana.
Both countries have national cocoa marketing boards that presell part of their. Ghana 15% and indonesia 12% are two other important producers. Several state and nonstate organizations are promoting organic agriculture as a climate smart option among cocoa farmers in the ashanti region of ghana. The farm gate price is the price the farmer receives for hisher cocoa. Much as it was 100 years ago, cocoa farming remains a small, family enterprise nothing like the larger agribusiness farms that produce other crops. Cocoa agroforestry for increasing forest connectivity in a. A history of exploitation antislavery international. One of such programs is the cocoa abrabopa program. Smallscale farming systems in ghana1 africa cambridge core.
It is the sometimes fermented dried and powdered seed of the fruit of the tree theobroma cacau. Jul 03, 2015 why the world might be running out of cocoa farmers. With proper care, cocoa trees begin to yield pods at peak production levels by the fifth year, and they can continue at this level for 10 years. Mondelez international recognizes this evolving production landscape and supports this investigation into measuring the. The area in mature productive cocoa per farm averages 5. Shaping the success of an economy shashi kolavalli and marcella vigneri chapter 12 shashi kolavalli is senior research fellow and leader, ghana strategy support program, international food policy research institute. Modeling ghanaian cocoa farmers decision to use pesticide. Drivers of cocoa production growth in ghana overseas. Cocoa farming households in ghana consider organic. Hand pollination of cocoa trees yielding more returns for farmers in the western region. Cocoa is the chief agricultural export of ghana and ghana s main cash crop. A baseline survey of 3000 cocoa farmers in ghana confirms that low productivity results in an extremely low income for many cocoa farming households.
Cocoa beans in a cacao pod showing the outer rind, the seeds, and inner pulp. It has been estimated that in 20102011 exports of cocoa ghanas reached 1 004 000 mt gain, 2012in terms of world cocoa exports, ghana has maintained its. Ghana sells most of its cocoa production, over 90 percent of which is of grade 1, ahead of the harvest season through forward contracts. Ghanas estimated average cocoa yield is around 400 kilograms per hectare kgha. Conventional production volumes do not comply with any existing vss. It goes into a communal fund for the workers and farmers to invest for example in. Cameroons 201920 cocoa crop is projected at 290 thousand tonnes, up 4 percent from the previous year. Nov 28, 2016 best climate conditions for cocoa farming in nigeria. The scale of operation in ghanaian cocoa farming is small. Cocoa production and real producer prices, 19962005. Some matrilineal and patrilineal perspectives volume 80 issue 2 beatrice akua duncan skip to main content accessibility help we use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Ghana s cocoa cultivation, however, is noted within the developing world to be one of the most modeled commodities and valuables. Creating opportunities for young people in ghanas cocoa sector.
It has been estimated that in 20102011 ghanas exports of cocoa. Cocoa production and related socialeconomic and climate. Dec 28, 2016 several state and nonstate organizations are promoting organic agriculture as a climate smart option among cocoa farmers in the ashanti region of ghana. In this study, flora diversity and livelihoods position in organic and conventional farming were measured and compared. Majority of cocoa farmers in ghana operate on small scale with average farm sizes of two to three hectares with less than 10 percent of cocoa farmers operating on large scale.
The experiment included 32 households with young plantations. Various intervention programs to help farmers improve productivity at the farm level have been used over the past few decades. Cocoa statistics, various issues, and ghana cocoa marketing board, c. Ghana is the second largest producer in the world fao stat, and cocoa provides significant economic benefits that include jobs, improved livelihoods and. Incentives for sustainable cocoa production in ghana world cocoa. In most cocoa producing countries, fluctuations in the world market price have an immediate influence on the farm gate price. Although classification of farming systems has been an important theme in the fields of agricultural geography and agricultural economics, there appear to have been no agreed criteria upon which a typology should be made grigg, 1969. Fairtrade premium is unique to fairtrade and is an additional sum of money paid over and above the fairtrade price. Slightly less than one hectare of long bush fallowsecondary forest and was indicated by the average producer. The stcp allows free copying and distributions on a noncommercial basis provided that the source is acknowledged. Cocoa farm business plan download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi. Cocoa value chain implication for the smallholder farmer in. Another word, quality and flavour of cocoa products.
This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. The share of fine or flavour cocoa in the total world production of cocoa beans is just under 5% per annum. This paper discusses ghana s cocoa industry from the innovation systems perspective. Hand pollination of cocoa trees yielding more returns for. Cocoa is a delicate and sensitive crop, and farmers must protect trees from wind, sun, pests, and disease. But farmers who lease their land are reluctant to replant for fear of losing their right to farm. Cocoa life has been active in ghana since 2008, when it began as the cadbury cocoa partnership.
Guide describing trade and industry practices, as well as regulations applying to cocoa traces customs procedures, systems and techniques used at each stage of the cocoa supply chain. Over the 11month period from february to december 2017, usaid implemented a pilot in nyame nnae, a cocoa farming community in the asankrangwa district of ghana with implementing partners tetra tech and winrock international. Ghana is the worlds secondlargest cocoaproducing country cote divoire is the largest. Expansion of cocoa farming is the primary driver of deforestation in ghanas high forest zone.
Cocoa farming an overview international cocoa initiative. Forest and climatesmart cocoa in cote divoire and ghana 5 the world cocoa foundation envisions a sustainable and thriving cocoa sector where farmers prosper, cocoa growing communities are empowered, human rights are respected, and the environment is conserved. The quality control company, the cocoa research institute of ghana, the cocoa marketing company, and. In these countries smallholder yields per hectare range from 200kg in ecuador to 1,500kg for smallholders in indonesia, ghana 300kg and cote diviore 450kg. The dominance of smallholders in the cocoa sector and the lack of production.
Now, new research shows that cocoa is driving ongoing deforestation in other regions of the world, from asia to the amazon. Click download or read online button to get cocoa farm business plan book now. The pods grow both along the main stem of the tree and throughout the canopy. Proposal for enabling investment in cocoa processing. Thats the reason why youll not want tos start a cocoa farm in the northern part of nigeria. Farmers will only thrive by optimizing cocoa production on their farms and improving their profitability. Our goal was to understand the phenomena of climate change and how it impacts cocoa production as well as the farmers perspectives of how they perceive climate change, their level of.
A cocoa tree becomes productive four to five years after planting and can remain productive for several decades. Ghana has a clear competitive advantage in cocoa production 2 cocoa makes up a larger production supply than all other crops 3 the cocoa industry is the source of income and livelihood for about 25 percent of ghana s population 1 4 the cocoa sector receives vast government support the cocoa sector is ghana s economic backbone. Fairtrade helps to make cocoa farming in places like cote divoire and ghana more sustainable through payment of the fairtrade premium. A guide to trade practices international trade centre. This is the prime reason that the business for cocoa farming is being boosted up. But the cocoa sector has been afflicted with continuing problems, including declining productivity, crop damage from. Planting, replanting and tree diversification in cocoa systems authors richard asare and sonii david collaborating partner sustainable tree crops program of the international institute of tropical agriculture p. A survey was conducted to provide insight into the standard of living of cocoa farmers in ghana. How to start lucrative plantain farming in ghana duration. Climate change is projected to increase, as well as induce more gradual changes to cocoa farming suitability via higher average temperatures and more erratic rainfall. The conditions that pushed these farmers to migrate and buy land for cocoa are well documented. Insight into the standard of living of ghanaian cocoa. Cocoa beans are mainly used in the production of chocolate, cocoa powder and cocoa butter whereas cocoa butter is also used in the cosmetic industry. Nonproductive cocoa area is assumed to be used for food production as inkind income.
Assessing the resilience of the cocoa value chain in ghana. In west africa, for example, the average cocoa farm is a 3 to 4 hectare or 7 to 10 acre plot, operated by a family that lives on the farm. At the end of the season, the cocoa output is divided into thirds, with the owner taking onethird and the farmer keeping the rest. Those low wages could jeopardize the future of chocolate labor, as young farmers. Creating opportunities for young people in ghana s cocoa sector 7 executive summary cocoa production is essential to the health of ghana s economy, contributing 3% to its gross domestic product and supporting the livelihoods of approximately 4 million farming households gss, 2015. Why the world might be running out of cocoa farmers npr. Cocoa farming households in ghana consider organic practices. The destruction of forests for cocoa in ivory coast and ghana has been welldocumented, including in mighty earths recent report, chocolates dark secret. Agriculture sector policy note transforming agriculture for economic growth, job creation and food security the world bank group agriculture global practice. The commercial agriculture of cocoa is a trade that is now being widely considered due to the magnitude of this crops produce to the confectionary industry as well as to other food areas. At the first stage, the brong ahafo region of ghana was purposively selected due to the predominance of cocoa production in the region.
In 20182019, ghana is estimated to have produced about 900 thousand tons of cocoa beans, a decrease from approximately 969 thousand tons in 20162017. At the end of 2018, there were 38,417 farmers participating in cocoa life, across 447 communities. Cocoa farming plays a critical economic and social role in ghana. Mafap is implemented by the food and agriculture organization of the united nations fao in. Assessment of climate change impacts on cocoa production. Cocoa farming can only be done under very specific climate conditions. Agriculture in ghana is made up of farming, fishing and rearing of livestock. May 03, 20 cocoa life is an exciting project in which vso is working with mondelez international to support farmers and producers in ghana to ensure a sustainable cocoa supply chain. The main crop accounts for 90 percent of total annual cocoa bean production in ghana, and the light crop accounts for the remaining 10 percent ibid. In ghana, much of the land used for cocoa production belongs to local chiefs. Vsscompliant cocoa accounted for at least 29 per cent of total cocoa production in 2016 figure 1. In view of the sustainability of cocoa production in ghana, many activities.
Projects on sustainable cocoa production in ghana related to forests. In ghana we grow a lot of it, and it has been a major industry here for more than a hundred years. Creating opportunities for young people in ghanas cocoa. A total of 637 households with 3392 persons were randomly sampled using a multi staged sampling technique from eleven cocoa districts in ghana. Rubber plantations are displacing ghanas small cocoa. Cocoa farms in ghana are vulnerable to an array of climaterelated risks. Cocoa is the countrys second most important export and provides income to a large segment of the ghanaian population. Cocoa is also called as cacao derives from the spanish word cacao and this is mainly grown for its bean from which cocoa solids and cocoa butter are extracted. Good agricultural practices for sustainable cocoa production. Aging cocoa trees provide opportunity for agricultural reform.
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